مقدمة فنون ادبية2
هذا الملخص اللي بثاني محاضرة وطبعا الدكتور رجع يشرح من اول ولذلك حبيت انقل لكم كما شرح
POETRY
Poetry is a form of literature that has a special form on the page, employs certain sound devices, like rhyme and meter, and expresses the personal experience of the poet about its subject.
The poet uses language not to convey information, but to express his feelings in a beautiful way. In other words, language is used in poetry to create a sense of beauty.
Poetry is a form of literature that has a special form on the page, employs certain sound devices, like rhyme and meter, and expresses the personal experience of the poet about its subject.
The poet uses language not to convey information, but to express his feelings in a beautiful way. In other words, language is used in poetry to create a sense of beauty.
Imagery
The representation of sense experiences through language
Imagery is descriptions in words that make us imagine or form mental pictures in our minds.
Images are expressions that appeal to the different senses of sight, hearing, touch, or smell.
Imagery allows the poet to express the abstract in terms of the concrete.
Example:
When the writer describes a garden, the green lawn, the colorful flowers, the singing birds, and the murmuring waterfalls, we read the description and imagine the colors, the sounds, and the smell in our minds.
The representation of sense experiences through language
Imagery is descriptions in words that make us imagine or form mental pictures in our minds.
Images are expressions that appeal to the different senses of sight, hearing, touch, or smell.
Imagery allows the poet to express the abstract in terms of the concrete.
Example:
When the writer describes a garden, the green lawn, the colorful flowers, the singing birds, and the murmuring waterfalls, we read the description and imagine the colors, the sounds, and the smell in our minds.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figurative Language
Metaphor
Simile
Personification
Symbol
Hyperbole
Metaphor
Simile
Personification
Symbol
Hyperbole
Metaphor is a comparison between two
unrelated things that share a common quality.
Examples of metaphor:
Life is a journey.
He is the apple of my eye.
He has a heart of stone.
The Sweet taste of Success.
Laughter is the best medicine.
a heated argument.
The World is a Stage.
A storm of sorrows
Life is a journey.
He is the apple of my eye.
He has a heart of stone.
The Sweet taste of Success.
Laughter is the best medicine.
a heated argument.
The World is a Stage.
A storm of sorrows
Simile is a comparison using the words like or as:
Examples of similes:
Life is like a box of chocolates.
The child is as beautiful as a flower.
He lifted his head as proud as a deer.
The road was as flat as a board.
He is as busy as a bee
He is as brave as a lion.
She slept like a baby
Life is like a box of chocolates.
The child is as beautiful as a flower.
He lifted his head as proud as a deer.
The road was as flat as a board.
He is as busy as a bee
He is as brave as a lion.
She slept like a baby
Personification
Giving human qualities to an inanimate object
Example:
The moon smiled down on us.
Giving human qualities to an inanimate object
Example:
The moon smiled down on us.
Examples of personification:
Victory has a hundred fathers but defeat is an orphan.
The meadows awakened with the sound of the frogs.
The moon climbed the sky in her silver shoes.
Opportunity knocked at her door.
Success was calling my name.
Victory has a hundred fathers but defeat is an orphan.
The meadows awakened with the sound of the frogs.
The moon climbed the sky in her silver shoes.
Opportunity knocked at her door.
Success was calling my name.
Symbol
A word or object that has its own meaning and represents another word, object or idea
Examples:
The heart is a symbol of love.
The dove is a symbol of peace
The journey or voyage can be a symbol of life.
The apple can be a symbol of temptation.
A word or object that has its own meaning and represents another word, object or idea
Examples:
The heart is a symbol of love.
The dove is a symbol of peace
The journey or voyage can be a symbol of life.
The apple can be a symbol of temptation.
In the following lines form a poem by Robert Frost, the poet
talks about choosing between two road in the forest. As we finish the poem, we
come to understand that the two roads are actually symbols of the choices of
life that have to make all the time.
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Hyperbole
Exaggeration often used for emphasis
Examples:
I’ve told you a million times.
I have a million things to do.
I had a ton of homework.
I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
That was the easiest question in the world.
My mom is going to kill me.
His smile was a mile wide.
Exaggeration often used for emphasis
Examples:
I’ve told you a million times.
I have a million things to do.
I had a ton of homework.
I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
That was the easiest question in the world.
My mom is going to kill me.
His smile was a mile wide.
SOUND DEVICES
Sound devices or sound techniques include the following:
Alliteration
Assonance
Consonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhyme
Repetition
Refrain
Alliteration
Assonance
Consonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhyme
Repetition
Refrain
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds
“She sells seashells at the sea shore”
Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds
“She sells seashells at the sea shore”
Examples of alliteration:
Mike’s microphone is making much noise.
Sara’s seven sisters slept soundly in the sand.
Dan’s dog is drinking dirty water.
Mike’s microphone is making much noise.
Sara’s seven sisters slept soundly in the sand.
Dan’s dog is drinking dirty water.
CONSONANCE
Consonance is the repetition of consonant sound anywhere in the words.
(In alliteration the repeated consonant sounds are the beginning of words.)
Consonance is the repetition of consonant sound anywhere in the words.
(In alliteration the repeated consonant sounds are the beginning of words.)
Examples of Consonance:
Bring string
Short sweet
first last
door odour
stand instead
Pass silently
Bring string
Short sweet
first last
door odour
stand instead
Pass silently
ASSONANCE
Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.
Lake Fate Base Fade
(All share the long “a” sound.)
Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.
Lake Fate Base Fade
(All share the long “a” sound.)
Examples of assonance:
time mind
free easy
high sky
door four
time mind
free easy
high sky
door four
RHYME
Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.
Example:
LAMP & STAMP
Share the short “a” vowel sound
Share the combined “mp” consonant sound
Other examples: bee, tree - day, play - see, thee
Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.
Example:
LAMP & STAMP
Share the short “a” vowel sound
Share the combined “mp” consonant sound
Other examples: bee, tree - day, play - see, thee
Examples of assonance:
time mind
free easy
high sky
door four
time mind
free easy
high sky
door four
INTERNAL RHYME
A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line
Example:
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
From “The Raven”
by Edgar Allan Poe
A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line
Example:
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
From “The Raven”
by Edgar Allan Poe
END RHYME
A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line
Example:
Hector the Collector
Collected bits of string.
Collected dolls with broken heads
And rusty bells that would not ring.
A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line
Example:
Hector the Collector
Collected bits of string.
Collected dolls with broken heads
And rusty bells that would not ring.
NEAR RHYME
Example:
ROSE - LOSE
Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound)
Share the same consonant sound
When the vowel sound is different but the last consonant sound is the same.
Example:
ROSE - LOSE
Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound)
Share the same consonant sound
When the vowel sound is different but the last consonant sound is the same.
Rhyme Scheme
Heavy is my heart, A Dark are thine eyes B Thou and I must part A Ere the sun rise B
The rhyme scheme is ABAB
Heavy is my heart, A Dark are thine eyes B Thou and I must part A Ere the sun rise B
The rhyme scheme is ABAB
Example:
Continuous as the stars that shine A And twinkle on the milky way, B
They stretched in never-ending line A Along the margin of a bay: B Ten thousand saw I at a glance, C
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. C
Continuous as the stars that shine A And twinkle on the milky way, B
They stretched in never-ending line A Along the margin of a bay: B Ten thousand saw I at a glance, C
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. C
Onomatopoeia
A word whose sound imitates its meaning
A word whose sound imitates its meaning
Examples of onomatopoeia
The bee buzzed by my ear.
The clock ticked down the final hour.
The engine purred while awaiting the green light.
The bee buzzed by my ear.
The clock ticked down the final hour.
The engine purred while awaiting the green light.
Repetition
A word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza
Example:
“gazed and gazed
A word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza
Example:
“gazed and gazed
POETRY FORM
FORM: the appearance of the words on the page
LINE: a group of words together on one line of the poem
STANZA: a group of lines arranged together
Example:
A word is dead
When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just
Begins to live
That day.
FORM: the appearance of the words on the page
LINE: a group of words together on one line of the poem
STANZA: a group of lines arranged together
Example:
A word is dead
When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just
Begins to live
That day.
Stanza
A unit of lines grouped together
Similar to a paragraph in prose
A unit of lines grouped together
Similar to a paragraph in prose
Couplet
A stanza consisting of two lines that rhyme
A stanza consisting of two lines that rhyme
THE EXAMPLE
WILLIAM H. DAVIES
HERE'S an example from
A Butterfly;
That on a rough, hard rock
Happy can lie;
Friendless and all alone 5
On this unsweetened stone.
Now let my bed be hard,
No care take I;
I'll make my joy like this
Small Butterfly; 10
Whose happy heart has power
To make a stone a flower.
Stanza
Couplet
Lines
This poem has
12 lines in
2 stanzas
WILLIAM H. DAVIES
HERE'S an example from
A Butterfly;
That on a rough, hard rock
Happy can lie;
Friendless and all alone 5
On this unsweetened stone.
Now let my bed be hard,
No care take I;
I'll make my joy like this
Small Butterfly; 10
Whose happy heart has power
To make a stone a flower.
Stanza
Couplet
Lines
This poem has
12 lines in
2 stanzas
Daffodils William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A
host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and
dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the
milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten
thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling
waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I
gazed--and gazed--but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon
that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure
fills, And dances with the daffodils.
MY HEART LEAPS UP
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
William Wordsworth
(1770-1850)
(1770-1850)
MY HEART LEAPS UP
MY heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky:
So was it when my life began,
So is it now I am a man,
So be it when I shall grow old
Or let me die!
The child is father of the man:
And I could wish my days to be
Bound each to each by natural piety.
MY heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky:
So was it when my life began,
So is it now I am a man,
So be it when I shall grow old
Or let me die!
The child is father of the man:
And I could wish my days to be
Bound each to each by natural piety.
Paraphrase
My heart jumps with joy at the sight of the beautiful rainbow in the sky. In my childhood, I used to feel the same way, and as an adult, I'm still a lover nature, who can still be moved by the same sight. I hope that I will continue to feel the same way towards nature. Since the grown-up is the outcome of his upbringing as a child and of his experiences as a young person, I'm sure that my love of nature as a child will make me a perpetual lover of nature. I hope all my days will be connected by the same string: love of nature.
Theme
Love of nature
My heart jumps with joy at the sight of the beautiful rainbow in the sky. In my childhood, I used to feel the same way, and as an adult, I'm still a lover nature, who can still be moved by the same sight. I hope that I will continue to feel the same way towards nature. Since the grown-up is the outcome of his upbringing as a child and of his experiences as a young person, I'm sure that my love of nature as a child will make me a perpetual lover of nature. I hope all my days will be connected by the same string: love of nature.
Theme
Love of nature
THE EAGLE
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring'd with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring'd with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
He clasps1 the crag2 with crooked3hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring'd with the azure4 world, he stands.
1. grasps tightly 2. rugged cliff or rock 3. bent or twisted 4. blue
The wrinkled5 sea beneath6 him crawls; 7
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt8 he falls.
5. has small lines or folds like the skin of aged people 6. under
7. moves on hands and knees 8. a flash of lightening accompanied by thunder
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring'd with the azure4 world, he stands.
1. grasps tightly 2. rugged cliff or rock 3. bent or twisted 4. blue
The wrinkled5 sea beneath6 him crawls; 7
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt8 he falls.
5. has small lines or folds like the skin of aged people 6. under
7. moves on hands and knees 8. a flash of lightening accompanied by thunder
Figures of speech contribute to the imagery of the poem:
(Metaphor – Simile – Personification)
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring'd with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring'd with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
Paraphrase
The eagle is sitting on top of the mountain rocks, holding the rocks with his talons that look like crooked hands. He is so high in the sky that he seems close to the sun, circled with the blue sky all around him.
From far above, the eagle sees the sea crawling slowly. In contrast to the slow movement of the sea, the eagle falls to the ground very swiftly and powerfully like a thunderbolt.
Theme
The poem is about power and freedom. The eagle is an example of the two qualities.
The eagle is sitting on top of the mountain rocks, holding the rocks with his talons that look like crooked hands. He is so high in the sky that he seems close to the sun, circled with the blue sky all around him.
From far above, the eagle sees the sea crawling slowly. In contrast to the slow movement of the sea, the eagle falls to the ground very swiftly and powerfully like a thunderbolt.
Theme
The poem is about power and freedom. The eagle is an example of the two qualities.
THE EXAMPLE
WILLIAM H. DAVIES
WILLIAM H. DAVIES
William H. Davies
(1870-1940)
(1870-1940)
THE EXAMPLE
HERE'S an example from
A Butterfly;
That on a rough, hard rock
Happy can lie;
Friendless and all alone
On this unsweetened stone.
Now let my bed be hard,
No care take I;
I'll make my joy like this
Small Butterfly;
Whose happy heart has power
To make a stone a flower.
HERE'S an example from
A Butterfly;
That on a rough, hard rock
Happy can lie;
Friendless and all alone
On this unsweetened stone.
Now let my bed be hard,
No care take I;
I'll make my joy like this
Small Butterfly;
Whose happy heart has power
To make a stone a flower.
Paraphrase
This is a great lesson that a small butterfly has taught me. That small insect can be happy although she lies on a rough rock all alone and without any friends. She is happy in spite of the harsh surroundings and the difficult circumstances she finds herself in.
Like her, man too can be happy, regardless of the tough external conditions of his life. Happiness springs from the heart; it is not the result of outward circumstances. Like the butterfly that can turn the unfavourable conditions of her life to her advantage, I too will be able to enjoy my life against all odds.
Theme
Happiness is the theme of this poem. According to the poem, man makes his own happiness, which springs from his heart, not from the circumstances of his life.
This is a great lesson that a small butterfly has taught me. That small insect can be happy although she lies on a rough rock all alone and without any friends. She is happy in spite of the harsh surroundings and the difficult circumstances she finds herself in.
Like her, man too can be happy, regardless of the tough external conditions of his life. Happiness springs from the heart; it is not the result of outward circumstances. Like the butterfly that can turn the unfavourable conditions of her life to her advantage, I too will be able to enjoy my life against all odds.
Theme
Happiness is the theme of this poem. According to the poem, man makes his own happiness, which springs from his heart, not from the circumstances of his life.
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live
in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the
content of their character.”
Martin Luther king, 1963
DREAMS
LANGSTON HUGHES
Martin Luther king, 1963
DREAMS
LANGSTON HUGHES
Langston Hughes
(1902-1967)
(1902-1967)
DREAMS
Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly.
Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow.
Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly.
Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow.
Paraphrase
Stick to your dreams because if you lose them, life will be like a broken-winged bird that is unable to fly. If you let go of your goals and don't work hard to achieve them, your life will not be complete.
Stick to your dreams because if you lose them, life will be like a dead land where nothing grows. Life without dreams is a wasted life, equivalent to death.
Theme
The importance of setting goals and working hard to realize them.
Stick to your dreams because if you lose them, life will be like a broken-winged bird that is unable to fly. If you let go of your goals and don't work hard to achieve them, your life will not be complete.
Stick to your dreams because if you lose them, life will be like a dead land where nothing grows. Life without dreams is a wasted life, equivalent to death.
Theme
The importance of setting goals and working hard to realize them.
The Sick Rose O Rose, thou art sick! The invisible worm That
flies in the night, In the howling storm, Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy:
And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy. William Blake
SHORT STORY
Once upon a time……….
Once upon a time……….
Short Stories
1- Cat in the Rain…………. Ernest Hemingway
2-A Haunted House……………..…Virginia Woolf
3- The Bet ….……….....…………..Anton Chekov
4-God Waits…… ……………………………Tolstoi
5-Araby………………………….………James joyce
1- Cat in the Rain…………. Ernest Hemingway
2-A Haunted House……………..…Virginia Woolf
3- The Bet ….……….....…………..Anton Chekov
4-God Waits…… ……………………………Tolstoi
5-Araby………………………….………James joyce
Elements of Short Stories
BASIC
BASIC
Setting
The setting is the place where the story takes place. Setting includes the following:
The geographical location
For example: London, Cairo, Halifax, Vancouver
The time period
For example: 1865, during WWII, today
The socio-economic characteristics of the location
For example: wealthy suburbs
The specific building, room etc.
For example: a prep school, a log cabin, a bus, a military base
The setting is the place where the story takes place. Setting includes the following:
The geographical location
For example: London, Cairo, Halifax, Vancouver
The time period
For example: 1865, during WWII, today
The socio-economic characteristics of the location
For example: wealthy suburbs
The specific building, room etc.
For example: a prep school, a log cabin, a bus, a military base
Setting Can be used to tell readers about the characters:
That evening T.J. smelled the air, his nostrils dilating with the odor of the earth under his feet. “It’s spring,” he said, and there was gladness rising in his voice that filled us all with the same feeling.
“It’s mighty late for it, but it’s spring” … We were all sniffing at
the air, too, trying to smell it the way that T.J. did, and I can still remember the sweet odor of the earth under our feet. It was the first time in my life that spring and spring earth had meant anything to me.
“Antaeus” by Borden Deal
That evening T.J. smelled the air, his nostrils dilating with the odor of the earth under his feet. “It’s spring,” he said, and there was gladness rising in his voice that filled us all with the same feeling.
“It’s mighty late for it, but it’s spring” … We were all sniffing at
the air, too, trying to smell it the way that T.J. did, and I can still remember the sweet odor of the earth under our feet. It was the first time in my life that spring and spring earth had meant anything to me.
“Antaeus” by Borden Deal
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