ثالث درس قواعد 2 وثالث درس مقدمة فنون ادبية
اخواتي واخواني ..اتمنى منكم طرح رأيكم حول موضوع شراء وبيع الكتب المستخدمه.....هل تجدون ان هذه الفكره مناسبه ام لا؟
لو احد منكم وافق سوف نخصص موضوع لبيع وشراء الكتب المستخدمه, ان شاء الله تعالى....
مايلي ملخص لما كتبه الدكتور اشرف الدسوقي _حفظه الله ...
لو احد منكم وافق سوف نخصص موضوع لبيع وشراء الكتب المستخدمه, ان شاء الله تعالى....
مايلي ملخص لما كتبه الدكتور اشرف الدسوقي _حفظه الله ...
Simple present tense. (Repeated actions) He
goes eats They run
1- Facts. 2- Habits 3- opininons 4- Abilities
-The sun rises everyday.
-The earth goes aroun the sun.
-I get up early.
-I have
my breakfast at seven.
-I like
basketball. I think you are
intelligent.
-I play
tennis. I type on the computer. I speak two languages.
( always-usually-sometimes-often-) Every (day-week-month)
= I
am
Egyptian. I live in Egypt. I speak Arabic. I play Volleyball.
Present
continuous. (is/am/are) V ing
1-Actions at this moment. (now/ at this moment/ look!
Listen!)
2-Actions in progress.( theses
days- Nowadays)
3-Actions in the future.
-Now, I am giving a lecture. At this moment, My students are listening.
-Look! the boy is crossing the
street.
-These days, we are taking English courses.
-These days, we are moving to a new flat.
-Tomorrow, we are reading a new novel.
-Tomorrow, we are playing
music.
-
Ex-
1- Listen! The bird (
sing). is singing
2-Now, my mother( cooks) the
food. is cooking
3-Nowadays, we (prepare) for my
sister's wedding. are preparing
Ex.
Find the error (mistake)
1- Now, my teacher teaching an
English lesson. ( is teaching)
2-My instructor have a new car.
( has)
- yesterday ,all day
I was cleaning my room.
-From seven to eight
yesterday, we were having a party.
-When I came back home, my
brother was sleeping.
-When she entered the class,
the teacher was teaching.
-I was brushing my teeth, when
the glass fell down.
Used to ............Actions that took place in the
past, but now they do not occur.
- Used to ( V) infinitive
We used to take
German class.
We used to smoke cigars. Now, we do not.
-Did you use to wear a
jacket?
-I did not use to watch TV.
I am used to playing basketball.
درس الفنون الادبية3
القصه القصير SHORT STORY
عناصر القصة القصيره Elements of Short Stories
Elements
of fiction:
SETTING
CHARACTERS
PLOT
POINT OF VIEW
THEME
SETTING
CHARACTERS
PLOT
POINT OF VIEW
THEME
…………………………………………………………………………………
I.
مكان وزمان القصه والظروف اللي تمر بها احداث
القصة Setting
The setting is the place and time of the story. It also includes the circumstances of the story, like the weather conditions, the social class, etc.
Examples:
The geographical location
For example: London, Jeddah, Cairo, a small village.
The time period
For example: 1865, during WWII, today, some time in the future
The socio-economic characteristics of the location
For example: wealthy suburbs, a poor district in a big city
A specific building, room etc.
For example: a high school, a log cabin, a bus, an old house.
The setting is the place and time of the story. It also includes the circumstances of the story, like the weather conditions, the social class, etc.
Examples:
The geographical location
For example: London, Jeddah, Cairo, a small village.
The time period
For example: 1865, during WWII, today, some time in the future
The socio-economic characteristics of the location
For example: wealthy suburbs, a poor district in a big city
A specific building, room etc.
For example: a high school, a log cabin, a bus, an old house.
The Setting Can be used be used by the writer to give a
particular atmosphere to the story or to tell the readers about the characters.
Example:
“During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, though a singularly dreary tract of country.”
“The Fall of the House of Usher” by Edgar Allan Poe
Example:
“During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, though a singularly dreary tract of country.”
“The Fall of the House of Usher” by Edgar Allan Poe
II. Characters
The people (or animals, things, etc. presented as people) in
a literary work.
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
Characters can be classified in different ways:
Major and minor characters
Round and Flat characters
Dynamic and Static characters
Protagonist and Antagonist
Characters can be classified in different ways:
Major and minor characters
Round and Flat characters
Dynamic and Static characters
Protagonist and Antagonist
ROUND AND FLAT CHARACTERS
Round Characters are convincing, true to life. the Have many different and sometimes even contradictory personality traits.
Flat Characters are stereotyped, shallow, and often symbolic. Have only one or two personality traits
Round Characters are convincing, true to life. the Have many different and sometimes even contradictory personality traits.
Flat Characters are stereotyped, shallow, and often symbolic. Have only one or two personality traits
DYNAMIC AND STATIC CHARACTERS:
Dynamic Characters undergo some type of change or development in story, often because of something that happens to them.
Static Characters do not change in the course of the story
Dynamic Characters undergo some type of change or development in story, often because of something that happens to them.
Static Characters do not change in the course of the story
PROTAGONIST AND ANTAGONIST
Protagonist: The main character in a literary work.
Antagonist: The character who opposes the protagonist
Protagonist: The main character in a literary work.
Antagonist: The character who opposes the protagonist
Characterization
Characterization refers to the methods used by the writer to create his or her characters.
Characterization refers to the methods used by the writer to create his or her characters.
METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION:
Characters are revealed to us by means of the following techniques or some of them.
Physical appearanceالمظهر الشكلي
Names
What the narrator tell us about them
What other characters say about them
What the characters say or think of
Characters are revealed to us by means of the following techniques or some of them.
Physical appearanceالمظهر الشكلي
Names
What the narrator tell us about them
What other characters say about them
What the characters say or think of
III. Plotالاحداث او الحبكه
Plot is the author’s arrangement of events in the story. It has a beginning, middle and end. More specifically, the plot follows the Freytag pyramid
Plot is the author’s arrangement of events in the story. It has a beginning, middle and end. More specifically, the plot follows the Freytag pyramid
Narrative Stages
The narrative stages or stages of the plot are as follows:
Exposition: The start of the story, the situation before the action starts
Rising Action: The series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax
Climax / Turning Point: The most intense moment – either mentally or in action – the reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?
Falling Action: The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. (The events between the climax and the resolution)
Resolution: The conclusion, the untangling of events in the story
The narrative stages or stages of the plot are as follows:
Exposition: The start of the story, the situation before the action starts
Rising Action: The series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax
Climax / Turning Point: The most intense moment – either mentally or in action – the reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?
Falling Action: The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. (The events between the climax and the resolution)
Resolution: The conclusion, the untangling of events in the story
Conflict
Conflict is the struggle between two forces in a story. The plot revolves around this conflict.
Conflict is the struggle between two forces in a story. The plot revolves around this conflict.
Types of Conflict
Physical Conflict: Between a character and nature or the physical world.
Social Conflict: Between characters or between the character and his or her society.
Internal Conflict (Psychological Conflict): Between different attitudes or beliefs in the character’s mind.
Physical Conflict: Between a character and nature or the physical world.
Social Conflict: Between characters or between the character and his or her society.
Internal Conflict (Psychological Conflict): Between different attitudes or beliefs in the character’s mind.
IV. Point of View
The angle or perspective from which the story is told (Who tells the story)
The point of view is divided into two main types:
- First person point of view
- Third person point of view
The angle or perspective from which the story is told (Who tells the story)
The point of view is divided into two main types:
- First person point of view
- Third person point of view
First Person Point of View
The story is told from the viewpoint of one of the characters, using the first person pronoun “I”.
The first person narrator can either be participant or nonparticipant in the action
Example:
“The thousands of injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I give utterance to a threat.”
“The Cask of Amontillado” by Edgar Allan Poe
The story is told from the viewpoint of one of the characters, using the first person pronoun “I”.
The first person narrator can either be participant or nonparticipant in the action
Example:
“The thousands of injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I give utterance to a threat.”
“The Cask of Amontillado” by Edgar Allan Poe
Third Person Point of View
The story is told using a narrator who uses third person pronouns such as “he”, “she”, “his”, “her”, “they” etc.
Third Person Point of View can be broken up into three different types:
Omniscient
Limited Omniscient
Objective
The story is told using a narrator who uses third person pronouns such as “he”, “she”, “his”, “her”, “they” etc.
Third Person Point of View can be broken up into three different types:
Omniscient
Limited Omniscient
Objective
Omniscient Point of
View: The narrator has the power to show
the reader what is happening in the minds of the characters, their feelings and
their thinking.
Limited Omniscient Point of View: The narrator shows us inside the mind of one character.
Objective Point of view: The story is told as if from a camera that follows the characters. Only what is said and done is recorded.
Limited Omniscient Point of View: The narrator shows us inside the mind of one character.
Objective Point of view: The story is told as if from a camera that follows the characters. Only what is said and done is recorded.
V. Theme
Theme is the central idea or central message of the story. It usually contains some insight into the human condition – telling something about humans and life.
The theme can be stated directly or implied by the events and actions in the story.
Theme is the central idea or central message of the story. It usually contains some insight into the human condition – telling something about humans and life.
The theme can be stated directly or implied by the events and actions in the story.
Irony
Verbal Irony:: This is the contrast between what is said and what is meant.
Dramatic Irony: This is the contrast between what the character thinks to be true and what we (the readers) know to be true. Sometimes as we read we are placed in the position of knowing more than what one character knows. Because we know something the character does not, we read to discover how the character will react when he or she learns the truth of the situation.
Situational Irony: It is the contrast between what happens and what was expected to happen.
Verbal Irony:: This is the contrast between what is said and what is meant.
Dramatic Irony: This is the contrast between what the character thinks to be true and what we (the readers) know to be true. Sometimes as we read we are placed in the position of knowing more than what one character knows. Because we know something the character does not, we read to discover how the character will react when he or she learns the truth of the situation.
Situational Irony: It is the contrast between what happens and what was expected to happen.
Symbolism A symbol represents an idea, quality, or concept
larger than itself.
A journey can symbolize life
Water may represent cleanliness and renewal
A lion can be a symbol of courage.
A red rose can represent love.
A journey can symbolize life
Water may represent cleanliness and renewal
A lion can be a symbol of courage.
A red rose can represent love.
Flashback
This is a writers’ technique in which the author interrupts the plot of the story to recreate an incident of an earlier time (goes back in time; like giving the reader a memory). This device is often used to provide additional information to the reader.
This is a writers’ technique in which the author interrupts the plot of the story to recreate an incident of an earlier time (goes back in time; like giving the reader a memory). This device is often used to provide additional information to the reader.
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